GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS™, the global authority on record breaking achievements, announces 112-year-old Salustiano Sanchez Blazquez from Grand Island, New York, as the new world’s Oldest living man.

The record is announced on the heels of the recent passing of Japanese 116-year-old Jiroemon Kimura, who was recognized as the Oldest man ever and died on June 12^th, 2013.

Currently,115-year-old female, Misao Okawa of Japan, is considered by Guinness World Records to be the world's Oldest living person overall.

Source: http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2013/7/salustiano-sanchez-confirmed-as-oldest-living-man-50056/

India's advanced meteorological satellite INSAT-3D was successfully launched by an European rocket from the spaceport of Kourou in French Guiana early today, giving a boost to weather forecasting and disaster warning services.

European space consortium Arianespace's Ariane 5 rocket launched INSAT-3D and Alphasat satellites.

Alphasat is Europe's largest telecommunication satellite-ever manufactured and results from a large-scale public-private partnership between the European Space Agency and Inmarsat.

The workhorse vehicle lifted off exactly on schedule at 1.23 AM IST from the Spaceport's ELA-3 launch zone in French Guiana for a nearly 33-minute flight.

The Sangam Age constitutes an important chapter in the history of South India. According to Tamil legends, there existed three Sangams (Academy of Tamil poets) in ancient Tamil Nadu popularly called Muchchangam.
- Head Sangam
- Middle Sangam 
- Last Sangam period.

The corpus of Sangam literature includes Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Pattuppattu, Pathinenkilkanakku, and the two epics – Silappathigaram and Manimegalai. The most important among them is Tirukkural authored by Thiruvalluvar. Silappathigaram written by Elango Adigal and Manimegalai by Sittalai Sattanar

During this period Tamilakam was ruled by the three Tamil dynasties of Chola, Pandya and Chera.
The Cheras ruled over parts of modern Kerala. Their capital was Vanji and their important seaports were Tondi and Musiri.
The Chola kingdom of the Sangam period extended from modern Tiruchi district to southern Andhra Pradesh. Their capital was first located at Uraiyur and then shifted to Puhar.
The Pandyas ruled over the present day southern Tamil Nadu. Their capital was Madurai.

Tolkappiyam refers to the five-fold division of lands- 
Kurinji – chief deity was Murugan – chief occupation, hunting and honey collection.
Palai – chief deity Korravai – chief occupation robbery.
Mullai – chief deity Mayon (Vishnu) – chief occupation, cattle-rearing and dealing with dairy products.
Marudam – chief deity Indira – chief occupation, agriculture.
Neydal – chief deity Varunan – chief occupation fishing and salt manufacturing.

The people were divided into five different clans ("kudis") based on their profession-
Mallars- the farmers.
Malavars- the hill people who gather hill products, and the traders.
Nagars- people in charge of border security, who guarded the city walls and distant fortresses.
Kadambars- people who thrive on forests.
Thiraiyars- the seafarers.

The primary deity of the Sangam period was Seyon or Murugan, who is hailed as Tamil God. Other gods worshipped during the Sangam period were Mayon (Vishnu), Vendan (Indiran), Varunan and Korravai. 

Agriculture was the chief occupation. Rice was the common crop. Ragi, sugarcane, cotton, pepper, ginger, turmeric, cinnamon and a variety of fruits were the other crops. Jack fruit and pepper were famous in the Chera country. Paddy was the chief crop in the Chola and Pandya country.

'Kalabhra Interregnum' has been referred as the Dark Age in the history of Kerala. The Kalabhra Kings overthrowing and deracinating Chera, Chola and Pandya dynasties. The reign of Kalabhras of South India finally came to an end in the 8th Century AD.

Three political powers ruled the territories of Kerala during the Sangam Age. These were- 
The Ezhimala to the North Kerala-
The Chera in Central Kerala- 
The Ay in the South Kerala-

The Board of Trustees of the Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation (RMAF) today announced that this year three individuals and two organizations from Afghanistan, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal and the Philippines will receive Asia’s premier prize, the Ramon Magsaysay Award.  

The Awardees are:

Ernesto Domingo, from the Philippines.  
Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (Corruption Eradication Commission), from Indonesia. 
Lahpai Seng Raw, from Myanmar.  
Habiba Sarabi, from Afghanistan.  
Shakti Samuha (“Power Group”), from Nepal.  

Established in 1957, the Ramon Magsaysay Award is Asia’s highest honor and is widely regarded as the region’s equivalent of the Nobel Prize.

Source: http://www.rmaf.org.ph/newrmaf/main/community/announcement/page/1/view/18

Born as the son of Velayudhan and Kunhichali at Mayyanad near Kollam in 1871, he stopped his schooling at the eighth standard. He started a school for low caste Hindus at Vellamanal, Mayyanad, Quilon and became its headmaster.

C.V. opened his journalistic career in Sujananadini, published from Paravoor, Quilon. His early writings were more on social affairs. Later, he became the sub-editor.

In 1911, C.V. launched Kerala Kaumudi as a weekly newspaper. He was the proprietor - editor, printer, publisher and even the proofreader!

An untiring activist of SNDP Yogam, he was elected its general secretary in 1928 and 1931. Valmiki Ramayanam, a prose rendering of the great epic, was his first work to come out in print, in 1901. It won him wide acclaim prompting him to write Vyasabharatam and Panchavadi. Meanwhile, Karthikodayam brought out his prowess as a poet.

He had been on the editorial board of Malayala Rajyam, Navajeevan, Navasakthi, Malayala Manorama, Bhashaposhini, Kathamalika, Vivekodayam and Yuktivadi. He had also been a lawyer and a member of Sree Moolam Prajasabha.

Pen names: 

C.V. has been hailed for his role behind the historic Temple Entry Proclamation (1936).

കവിത

• കാർത്തികോദയം
• ശ്രീ പത്മനാഭസന്നിധിയിൽ
• ഈഴവനിവേദനം
• നരലോകം
• ഒരു സന്ദേശം
• സ്വാമിചൈതന്യം
• സ്വാഗതഗാനം

നാടകം

• മാലതീകേശവം

ഗദ്യം

• ഒരു നൂറു കഥകൾ
• എന്റെ ശ്രീകോവിൽ
• ആശാൻ സ്മരണകൾ
• അറബിക്കഥകൾ
• ഷേക്സ്പിയർ കഥകൾ
• രാമദേവനും ജാനകിയും
• വെന്നീസ്സിലെ വ്യാപാരി
• വരലോല
• ഹേമലീല
• കൊടുങ്കാററ്
• വാല്മീകിരാമായണം
• സോമനാഥൻ
• വ്യാസഭാരതം
• രാധാറാണി
• രാമായണകഥ
• കാന്തിമതി
• ലുക്രീസിന്റെ ചാരിത്രഹാനി
• പത്നാദേവി (അപൂർണം)
• രാഗപരിണാമം
• ദുർഗാക്ഷേത്രം (അപൂർണം)പഞ്ചവടി
• നാഗകന്യക (അപൂർണം)
• ഉണ്ണിയാർച്ച
• തുമ്പോലാർച്ച
• മാലുത്തണ്ടാൻ
• ഒരു നൂററാസ്സിനു മുമ്പ്
• ലോകമതങ്ങൾ (തർജ്ജമ)

ചരിത്രം

• കെ. സി. കേശവപിള്ളയുടെ ജീവചരിത്രം
• ഇന്ത്യാ ചരിത്ര സംഗ്രഹം

ആത്മകഥ 

• ഞാൻ 

തൂലികാ നാമങ്ങൾ: ഭാഷാഭിമാനി, സിംഹളൻ, പി.കെ. തിയ്യൻ

Source: http://www.cvkunhuraman.com

Govindan Paramaswaran Pillai was born in Pallippuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India, in an aristocratic Nair family. He was born on February 2,1864. GP Pillai’s writings were not just against British rulers; he even wrote articles against the autocratic rule of Diwan of Travancore.

G.P. Pillai completed his BA from the University of Madras and later was admitted to The Honourable Society of the Middle Temple, popularly known as Middle Temple, in London. Barrister GP Pillai played a major role in the formation of "Malayali Memorial" in 1891. He is also credited for establishing the “Madras Standard” – the first English language newspaper in South India.

 “Indian National Congress Men” and “Represent India” are the two major words of Barrister GP Pillai.

Barrister G.P. Pillai is the only Keralite mentioned in the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi. 

World Population Day is an annual event, observed on July 11 every year, which seeks to raise awareness of global population issues. The event was established by the Governing Council of the United Nations Development Programme in 1989. It was inspired by the public interest in Five Billion Day on July 11, 1999 approximately the date on which the world's population reached five billion people.

World Population Day 2013, Focus is on Adolescent Pregnancy. About 16 million girls under age 18 give birth each year. Another 3.2 million undergo unsafe abortions. On this World Population Day  raise awareness of the issue of adolescent pregnancy in the hopes of delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe, and every young person’s potential is fulfilled.

Moulavi was born in 1873 in Vakkom, Chirayinkil Taluk, Thiruvanthapuram in Travancore.

Maulavi started the Swadeshabhimani newspaper on January 19, 1905, declaring that `the paper will not hesitate to expose injustices to the people in any form`, but on 26 September 1910, the newspaper and press were sealed and confiscated by the British Police.

Maulavi was considered one of greatest reformers in the Kerala Muslim community, and is sometimes referred to as the "Father of muslim renaissance".

The journal ‘Muslim’(1906) was mainly meant for religious reforms of the community and restore the the purity and essence of Islam shorn of all the accretions of superstitious and meaningless rituals and other evil practices. 

‘Al Islam’(1918) in Arabi-Malayalam was begun with the purpose to take his ideas of reform to illiterates in general particularly Muslim women who were steeped in ignorance. It had its intended effect. 

Another Malayalam monthly ‘Deepika’(1931) was begun almost at the evening of his life. The publication had a wide range of interests like education, history, science, literature, philosophy etc. It was his life's ambition to produce a translation of the Quran in Malayalam with his own commentary, but he died on 31 October 1932 before the work was completed.

Thanks & Source: http://www.vmft.org/vakkom-muhammad-abdul-khader-moulavi-1873-1932/ & Wikipedia

Poonthanam (1547-1640AD) was a famous devotee of Guruvayurappan, who lived in Keezhattoor in Malappuram district. He was a famous devotee of Lord Krishna (Guruvayurappan). He is remembered for his masterpiece, Jnanappana which means 'the song of wisdom' in Malayalam. Poonthanam was the family name, his personal name is not known.
He married at 20, but for a long time, they had no children. He began to propitiate the Lord of Guruvayur by reciting the ‘Santhana Gopalam ’ and a son was born. He called for a celebration and everybody known was invited, but the child died an hour before the Annaprasanam ceremony. Grief stricken, Poonthanam sought refuge at Guruvayur and started praying with the puranic story of Kumaraharanam.

He was a contemporary of Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri(1559–1645), another famous poet associated with Guruvayur. He was a mathematical linguist (vyakarana). His most important scholarly work, Prakriya-sarvawom(പ്രക്രിയ സർവ്വവം), sets forth an axiomatic system elaborating on the classical system of Panini. However, he is most famous for his masterpiece, Narayaneeyam, a devotional composition in praise of Guruvayoorappan (Sri Krishna) that is still sung at the temple of Guruvayoor.

Thanks & Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonthanam

Between 1919 and the early 1930s, scientists were piecing together the important parts of the atom's structure. In 1919 New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford discovered protons. In1932 James Chadwick discovered the neutron, neutrons share space with protons in the atom's nucleus. 

Italian physicist Enrico Fermi thought to use neutrons for bombardment in 1934. Since neutrons have no charge, they can hit an atom's nucleus without being repelled. He successfully bombarded several elements and created new, radioactive ones in the process. What Fermi had done, without recognizing it, was discover the process of nuclear fission. Two German scientists, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, were the first to officially acknowledge this process in 1938 when they successfully split uranium atoms into two or more parts. Meitner interpreted these results as being nuclear fission and Hahn won the Nobel prize in physics for discovering fission in 1944.

Early in 1939, the world's scientific community discovered that German physicists had learned the secrets of splitting a uranium atom. Fears soon spread over the possibility of Nazi scientists utilizing that energy to produce a bomb capable of unspeakable destruction.

Scientists Albert Einstein, who fled Nazi persecution, and Enrico Fermi, who escaped Fascist Italy, were living in the United States. They agreed that the President must be informed of the dangers of atomic technology in the hands of the Axis powers. 

Einstein penned a letter to President Roosevelt urging the development of an atomic research program later that year. Roosevelt saw neither the necessity nor the utility for such a project, but agreed to proceed slowly. In late 1941, the American effort to design and build an Atomic Bomb received its code name — the Manhattan Project. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada.

Scientists Who Invented the Atomic Bomb under the Manhattan Project: Robert Oppenheimer, David Bohm, Leo Szilard, Eugene Wigner, Otto Frisch, Rudolf Peierls, Felix Bloch, Niels Bohr, Emilio Segre, James Franck, Enrico Fermi, Klaus Fuchs and Edward Teller. 

By the summer of 1945, Oppenheimer was ready to test the first bomb. On July 16, 1945, at 5:30 am at Trinity Site near Alamogordo, New Mexico, scientists of the Manhattan Project readied themselves to watch the detonation of the world's first atomic bomb. 

On August 6, 1945 the American B-29 bomber known as the Enola Gay released the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare. The 9,000 pound bomb nicknamed "Little Boy(uranium-235)" detonated in Hiroshima, Japan. "Little Boy's" explosion was catastrophic and resulted in 66 thousand instantaneous deaths. Total vaporization from the blast measured one half a mile in diameter. Total destruction ranged one mile in diameter and serious blazes extended as far as three miles in diameter.

Three days after the release of "Little Boy" a second bomb named "Fat Man(plutonium)" was released on the town of Nagasaki. "Fat Man" weighed 10,000 pounds and annihilated nearly half of the city. In one split-second, the population of Nagasaki dropped from 422,000 to 383,000.

Source: http://gk12.rice.edu/trs/science/Atom/man.htm

Image Courtesy: http://abombisaok.blogspot.in/2013/05/some-background-info.html

Champu poems can be classified into two types, being Pracheena Manipravala Champukkal and Madhyakala Champukkal.

Pracheena Manipravala Champukkal - Unniyachi Charitham, Unniyadi Charitham and Unni Chiruthevi Charitham.

Madhyakala Champukkal - Ramayanam Champu, Bharatham Champu, Naishadham Champu, Rajaratnavaleeyam Champu, Kodiyam Viraham Champu, Kamadahanam Champu, Chellur Nadhodayam Champu, Narayaneeyam Champu and Thenkaila Nadhodayam Champu.

In accordance with a 1750 act of Parliament, England and its colonies changed calendars in 1752. By that time, the discrepancy between a solar year and the Julian Calendar had grown by an additional day, so that the calendar used in England and its colonies was 11 days out-of-sync with the Gregorian Calendar in use in most other parts of Europe. 

England's calendar change included three major components. The Julian Calendar was replaced by the Gregorian Calendar, changing the formula for calculating leap years.  The beginning of the legal new year was moved from March 25 to January 1.  Finally, 11 days were dropped from the month of September 1752. 

The changeover involved a series of steps:

• December 31, 1750 was followed by January 1, 1750 (under the "Old Style" calendar, December was the 10th month and January the 11th)
• March 24, 1750 was followed by March 25, 1751 (March 25 was the first day of the "Old Style" year)
• December 31, 1751 was followed by January 1, 1752 (the switch from March 25 to January 1 as the first day of the year)
• September 2, 1752 was followed by September 14, 1752 (drop of 11 days to conform to the Gregorian calendar)

Source: http://www.cslib.org/CalendarChange.htm

Manipravalam was a literary style used in medieval liturgical texts in South India, which was composed in the curious mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam which is referred to as Manipravalam, mani meaning ruby (Malayalam) and pravalam meaning coral (Sanskrit).

Lilathilakam, a work on grammar and rhetoric, written in the last quarter of the 14th century discusses the relationship between Manipravalam and Pattu as poetic forms. It lays special emphasis on the types of words that blend harmoniously. It points out that the rules of Sanskrit prosody should be followed in Manipravalam poetry. This particular school of poetry was patronized by the upper classes, especially the Nambudiris. It is also to be remembered that the composition of this dialect also reflects the way Aryan and Dravidian cultures were moving towards a synthesis. 
Dramatic performances given in Koothampalams, known by the names of Koothu and Koodiyattom, often used Sanskrit and Malayalam. In Koodiyattom, the clown (vidooshaka) is allowed to use Malayalam while the hero recites slokas in Sanskrit. Tholan, a legendary court poet in the period of the Kulasekhara kings, is believed to have started this practice. The language of Kramadeepikas and Attaprakarams, which lay down the rules and regulations for these dramatic performances, is considerably influenced by the composite literary dialect of Manipravalam.

Source: www.prd.kerala.gov.in/manipravalam.htm

National Statistics Day - 29 June

UN Public Service Day - 23 June

International Olympic Day - 23 June 2013

World Music Day - 21 June

World Refugee Day - 20 June

'Day of Reading' (Vayana dinam) - 19 june

Father’s Day - 18 June

World Blood Donor Day - 14 June

World Day against Child Labour - 12 June 2013

World Environment Day - 5 june

India have launched their Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) on Monday carrying IRNSS-1A, the first satellite of the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System. Liftoff from the first launch pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre occurred at 18:11 UTC (23:41 local time).


Source: http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/07/indian-pslv-launch-irnss-r1a/

Niranam gave birth to three well-known poets called Madhava Panikkar and Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar. These poets were populary known as Niranam Poets. They belong to the Kannassa family and the first two were the uncles of Rama Panikkar. They lived in between 1350 and 1450 and made valuable contribution to the Malayalam Literature. It is said that the appearance of modern Malayalam literature starts with the Niranam poets.

Before them the Malayalam poetry was a mix of Sanskrit and Malayalam known as ‘Manipravala’. Their success led to the gradual replacement of the Manipravala cult of worldliness and sensual revelry by an indigenous poetics of high seriousness. Madhava Panikkar wrote a condensed Malayalam translation of Bhagavad Gita, perhaps the first ever translation of that classic into any modern Indian language. Sankara Panikkar’s important work is Bharathamala, a masterly condensation of Mahabharatham, is also the first major work of its kind in Malayalam. The greatest of the three is of course Rama Panikkar, the author of Ramayanam, Bharatham, Bhagavatham, and Sivarathri Mahatmyam. Kannassa Ramayanam and Kannassa Bharatham are the most important of Niranam works. Rama Panikkar’s ‘Ramayanam’ has an important link among Cheraman’s ‘Ramacharitam’, Ayyappilli Asan’s ‘Ramakadhappattu’ and Ezhuthachan’s ‘Adhyatma Ramayanam’. The centrality of Niranam Rama Panikkar is of vital concern to any conscientious literary historian of Malayalam. The subordination of the descriptive and the narrative elements to the controlling theme is a feature of Rama Panikkar’s poetic style. Ulloor, a literary historian of Kerala, has said that Rama Panikkar holds the same position in Malayalam literature that Spenser does in English literature..

Source & Thanks: http://www.keralaholidays247.com/niranam-poets/

Vanamahotsava is a great festival of forests and tree planting. It can be literally translated as great festival of forests. The great festival of forests implies forest conservation, and even in 1950s, forest conservation meant planting lots and lots of trees. So now, it is known as festival of trees. Gujarat was the first state to implement it.

Vanamahotsava is to be celebrated from July 1 to 7. It is celebrated in July because; July is special month for trees and tree planting. Anything we plant during July grows. It is so for other crops too. In first week of July, monsoon is there all over the country and the festival can be celebrated in all parts of the country. So, the plan should be to plant as many seedlings as one can during this period.

The name Vanamahotsava (the festival of trees) originated in July 1947 after a successful tree-planting drive was undertaken in Delhi, in which national leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr Rajendra Prasad and Abdul Kalam Azad participated.The week was simultaneously celebrated in a number of states.Since then, lakhs of saplings of different species were planted with active involvement of agencies like the forest department.The concept of this great festival for the nature lovers was first initiated by (Late) K.M. Munshi, the then Union Minister for Food & Agriculture in the year 1950.

The Doctor's Day is celebrated on July 1 all across India to honour the legendary physician and the second Chief Minister of West Bengal, Bidhan Chandra Roy. He was born on July 1, 1882 and passed away on the same date in 1962, aged 80 years. Doctor Roy was honoured with the highest civilian honour of Bharat Ratna in 1961.

മാനകരേഖാംശം ( സ്റ്റാന്‍ഡേര്‍ഡ് ടൈം )

രേഖാംശരേഖകള്‍ സമയ രേഖകള്‍

സമയനിര്‍ണ്ണയം ഈ രേഖകളെ അടിസ്ഥാനമാക്കിയാണ് . സൂര്യനാണല്ലോ ഭൂമിയില്‍ സമയമാപനത്തിന്റെ അടിസ്ഥാനം . ഭൂമി പടിഞ്ഞാറുനിന്ന് കിഴക്കോട്ട് ഭമണം ചെയ്യുന്നതുകൊണ്ട് സൂര്യന്‍ കിഴക്കുദിച്ച് ഉയര്‍ന്നുപൊങ്ങി ഉച്ചസ്ഥായിയിലെത്തി ക്രമേണ താഴ്‌ന്നിറങ്ങി പടിഞ്ഞാറ് അസ്തമിക്കുന്നതായി നമുക്കു തോന്നുന്നു.അല്ലെങ്കില്‍ സൂര്യന്‍ ഓരോ രേഖാംശത്തേയും പിന്നിട്ടുകൊണ്ട് പടിഞ്ഞാറോട്ടുപോകുന്നു. ( ഈ പ്രവര്‍ത്തം പഠനോപകരണം നിര്‍മ്മിക്കാം ) .

സൂര്യന്‍ നേരെ തലക്കുമുകളില്‍ വരുമ്പോള്‍ നട്ടൂച്ചക്കു 12 മണിയെന്ന് കണക്കാക്കുമ്പോള്‍ ഇതാണ് അവിടത്തെ പ്രാദേശിക സമയ രേഖ . ഇങ്ങനെ 360 രേഖാംശങ്ങള്‍ കടക്കുമ്പോള്‍ സൂര്യന്‍ ഒരു വട്ടം പൂര്‍ത്തിയാക്കുന്നു. അതായത് 24 മണിക്കൂര്‍കൊണ്ട് 360 ⁰ സഞ്ചരിക്കുന്നു . ഒരു മണിക്കൂര്‍ കൊണ്ട് 360⁰/24 = 15⁰ .. അതിനാല്‍ ഒരു ഡിഗ്രി സഞ്ചരിക്കാന്‍ 60 /15 =4’ ( നാലു മിനിറ്റ് ) വേണം .

സൂര്യന്‍ 0 ⁰ രേഖാംശത്തിനു മുകളീല്‍ വരുമ്പോള്‍ ( ഗ്രീനിച്ച് ) ഗ്രീനിച്ച് സമയം 12 മണീ ആയിരിക്കുമല്ലോ .

0⁰ = ഗ്രീനിച്ചില്‍ 12 മണി

സൂര്യന്‍ പടിഞ്ഞാറോട്ട് സഞ്ചരിച്ച് 15 ⁰ രേഖാംശത്തിലെത്തുമ്പോള്‍ അവിടെ 12 മണി ആയിരിക്കും . ( പഠനോപകരണം ) ഗ്രീനിച്ചില്‍ ഉച്ചകഴിഞ്ഞ് 1 മണി 

ഗ്രീനിച്ച് രേഖാംശത്തില്‍ സൂര്യന്‍ എത്തുന്നതിന് 1 മണിക്കൂര്‍ മുന്‍പ് സൂര്യന്‍ എവിടെ ആയിരുന്നുവോ ( 15⁰കിഴക്ക് ) സമയം ഉച്ചകഴിഞ്ഞ് 2 മണി ആയി .

82 .30⁰ കിഴക്കേ രേഖാംശത്തില്‍ സ്ഥിതിചെയ്യുന്ന മിര്‍സാപൂരിലെ സമയമെത്രയായിരിക്കും ?

ഗ്രീനിച്ചും മിര്‍സാപൂരും തമ്മില്‍ രേഖാംശീയ വ്യത്യാസം = 82.30 ⁰

15⁰ രേഖാംശീയ വ്യത്യാസത്തിന് സമയ വ്യത്യാസം = 1 മണിക്കൂര്‍ ⁰

അതായത് 82.30⁰ രേഖാംശീയ വ്യത്യാസത്തിന് സമയ വ്യത്യാസം = 82.30 ⁰/15 = 5.30 മണിക്കൂര്‍

അതായത് ഗ്രീനിച്ചില്‍ ഒരു മണിയാകുമ്പോള്‍ മിര്‍സാപ്പൂരില്‍ 1+5.30 = 6.30 PM

മിര്‍സാപ്പൂരിലൂടെ കടന്നുപോകുന്ന രേഖാംശരേഖയെ ഇന്ത്യയുടെ സമയ രേഖയായി കണക്കാക്കിയിരിക്കുന്നു. അതിനാല്‍ ഇന്ത്യന്‍ സമയം 6.30 PM എന്നു പറയാം

മാനകരേഖാംശം ( സ്റ്റാന്‍ഡേര്‍ഡ് ടൈം )

ഓരോ രാജ്യവും ആ രാജ്യത്തിന്റെ മദ്ധ്യത്തിലൂടെ കടന്നുപോകുന്ന രേഖാംശത്തെ അടിസ്ഥാനമാക്കിയാണ് സമയം കണക്കാക്കുനത് . അങ്ങനെ ഒരു മാനകരേഖാംശത്തെ അധാരമാക്കി ഓരോ രാജ്യവും നിര്‍ണ്ണയിക്കുന്ന സമയം സ്റ്റാന്‍ഡേര്‍ഡ് സമയം എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്നു. ബ്രിട്ടന്റെ സ്റ്റാന്‍ഡേര്‍ഡ് സമയം ഗ്രീനിച്ച് രേഖയെതന്നെ ആസ്പദമാക്കിയും ഇന്ത്യയുടേത് 82.30 ⁰ രേഖാംശത്തെ അടിസ്ഥാനമാക്കിയുമാണ് .

വിസ്തൃതമായ ചില രാജ്യങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് ( റഷ്യ) ഒന്നിലധികം ) സ്റ്റാന്‍ഡേര്‍ഡ് സമയം ആവശ്യമായി വരും രാഷ്ട്രങ്ങള്‍ തമ്മിലുള്ള സമയവ്യത്യാസം ഉണ്ടാക്കുന്ന അസൌകര്യം ലഘൂകരിക്കുവാന്‍ ഒരു അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര സമയം അംഗീകരിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട് . അത് ഗ്രീന്‍‌വിച്ച് സമയമാണ് . അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര സമയത്തിന്റെ അടിസ്ഥാനത്തില്‍ സമയ നിര്‍ണ്ണയം ചെയ്താല്‍ ആശയക്കുഴപ്പം പരിഹരിക്കാം. കപ്പലിലും വിമാനത്തിലുമൊക്കെ അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര സമയംകാണിക്കുന്നതിന് ക്രോണോമീറ്റര്‍ ഉണ്ടായിരിക്കും . അതിന്റെ അടിസ്ഥാനത്തില്‍ ഓരോ രാജ്യത്തിന്റേയും സമയം കണക്കാക്കാന്‍ എളുപ്പമാണ്.

ക്രോണോമീറ്ററും അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര സമയവും .

കോണോമീറ്ററിന്റെ സഹായത്താല്‍ ഒരു സ്ഥലത്തെ രേഖാംശം നിര്‍ണ്ണയിക്കാന്‍ സഹായിക്കും .ഒരു സ്ഥലത്ത് സൂര്യന്‍ തലക്കുമീതെ കാണുമ്പോള്‍ ക്രോണോമീറ്ററില്‍ അന്താരാഷ്ട്രസമയം തിങ്കളാഴ്‌ച രാത്രി 12 മണിയാണെന്നു വിചാരിക്കുക (24 അംണിക്കൂര്‍ ) . അത് ഏത് രേഖാംശത്തിലായാലും . 12 മണിക്കൂര്‍ സമയവ്യതാസമുള്ളതുകൊണ്ട് 180 ⁰ ( 15 x12 ) രേഖാംശീയ വ്യത്യാസമുണ്ടാകുമല്ലോ . ഗ്രീനിച്ചില്‍നിന്നും 180 ⁰ അകലെയായി പ്രസ്തുത സ്ഥലം അതായത് അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ദിനരേഖയില്‍ അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര രേഖയുടെ കിഴക്ക് 12 മണിയായിരുന്നെങ്കില്‍ പടിഞ്ഞാറ് ശനിയാഴ്‌ച 12 മാനിയായിരുന്നെന്ന് പ്രത്യ്യേകം ഓര്‍ക്കണം . അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ദിനരേഖ ഏഷ്യന്‍ റഷ്യയുടെ കിഴക്കുഭാഗത്ത് കൂടെയാണ് ശരിക്കുവരിക . അങ്ങനെ വരുമ്പോള്‍ അവിടെ രണ്ടുദിവസങ്ങള്‍ ഒരേ സമയം നിലവിലുണ്ടാകും .അതുപോലെ മറ്റുചില ദ്വീപുകളിലും അതൊഴിവാക്കാനായി പ്രസ്തുത രേഖയെ അല്പം വ്യതിചലിപ്പിച്ചാണ് പരിഗണിക്കുന്നത് .

ഒരു ക്രോണോമീറ്റര്‍ കൈവശമുണ്ടെങ്കില്‍ കടലിലേയും ആകാശത്തിലേയും അപാരതയില്‍പ്പോലും തന്റെ സ്ഥാനം ഏത് രേഖാംശത്തിലാണെന്ന് പറയാം. ഒരു സെക് സ്റ്റന്റ് ഉണ്ടെങ്കില്‍ ( പഠനോപകരണം ) ജ്യോതിര്‍ഗോളങ്ങളുടെ ഉന്നതിയില്‍നിന്നും ആ സ്ഥലത്തിന്റെ അക്ഷാംശവും നിര്‍ണ്ണയിക്കാം . ഇതു രണ്ടും അറിഞാല്‍ ഈ ഗോളത്തില്‍ തന്റെ സ്ഥാനം എവിടെയെന്ന് കൃത്യമായി മനസ്സിലാകും . ഭൂപ്രദേശങ്ങളുടെ സ്ഥാനം കൃത്യമായി കണ്ടെത്താന്‍ അക്ഷാംശരേഖാംശങ്ങള്‍ നമ്മെ സഹായിക്കുന്നു. ഈ ഭൂമിയില്‍ ഇന്ത്യ ഉത്തര അക്ഷാംശം 8⁰ .4’ , 37⁰. 18’നും പൂര്‍വ്വരേഖാംശം 68 ⁰ .7’ നും , - 97⁰.25’ നും ഇടയില്‍ സ്ഥിതിചെയ്യുന്നു എന്നു പറഞ്ഞാല്‍ ഇന്ത്യയുടെ കൃത്യസ്ഥാനമായി

Source: http://geographyforstudentsandteachers.blogspot.in/

Compiler

A compiler is a piece of code that translates the high level language into machine language. When a user writes a code in a high level language such as Java and wants it to execute, a specific compiler which is designed for Java is used before it will be executed. The compiler scans the entire program first and then translates it into machine code which will be executed by the computer processor and the corresponding tasks will be performed.  

Shown in the figure is basic outline of the compilation process, here program written in higher level language is known as source program and the converted one is called object program.

Interpreter

Interpreters are not much different than compilers. They also convert the high level language into machine readable binary equivalents. Each time when an interpreter gets a high level language code to be executed, it converts the code into an intermediate code before converting it into the machine code. Each part of the code is interpreted and then execute separately in a sequence and an error is found in a part of the code it will stop the interpretation of the code without translating the next set of the codes.  

Outlining the basic working of the interpreter the above figure shows that first a source code is converted to an intermediate form and then that is executed by the interpreter.

The main differences between compiler and interpreter are listed below:

·         The interpreter takes one statement then translates it and executes it and then takes another statement. While the compiler translates the entire program in one go and then executes it.

·         Compiler generates the error report after the translation of the entire page while an interpreter will stop the translation after it gets the first error.

·         Compiler takes a larger amount of time in analyzing and processing the high level language code comparatively interpreter takes lesser time in the same process.

·         Besides the processing and analyzing time the overall execution time of a code is faster for compiler relative to the interpreter.

There are two major types of programming languages. These are Low Level Languages and High Level Languages. Low Level languages are further divided in to Machine language and Assembly language.

LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES

The term low level means closeness to the way in which the machine has been built. Low level languages are machine oriented and require extensive knowledge of computer hardware and its configuration.

(a) Machine Language

Machine Language is the only language that is directly understood by the computer. It does not needs any translator program. We also call it machine code and it is written as strings of 1′s (one) and 0’s (zero). When this sequence of codes is fed to the computer, it recognizes the codes and converts it in to electrical signals needed to run it. For example, a program instruction may look like this:

1011000111101

It is not an easy language for you to learn because of its difficult to understand. It is efficient for the computer but very inefficient for programmers. It is considered to the first generation language. It is also difficult to debug the program written in this language.

Advantage

The only advantage is that program of machine language run very fast because no translation program is required for the CPU.

Disadvantages

1.It is very difficult to program in machine language. The programmer has to know details of hardware to write program.

2.The programmer has to remember a lot of codes to write a program which results in program errors.

3.It is difficult to debug the program.

(b) Assembly Language

It is the first step to improve the programming structure. You should know that computer can handle numbers and letter. Therefore some combination of letters can be used to substitute for number of machine codes.

The set of symbols and letters forms the Assembly Language and a translator program is required to translate the Assembly Language to machine language. This translator program is called `Assembler’. It is considered to be a second-generation language.

Advantages:

1.The symbolic programming of Assembly Language is easier to understand and saves a lot of time and effort of the programmer.

2.It is easier to correct errors and modify program instructions.

3.Assembly Language has the same efficiency of execution as the machine level language. Because this is one-to-one translator between assembly language program and its corresponding machine language program.

Disadvantages:

1.One of the major disadvantages is that assembly language is machine dependent. A program written for one computer might not run in other computers with different hardware configuration.

HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES

You know that assembly language and machine level language require deep knowledge of computer hardware where as in higher language you have to know only the instructions in English words and logic of the problem irrespective of the type of computer you are using.

Higher level languages are simple languages that use English and mathematical symbols like +, -, %, / etc. for its program construction.

You should know that any higher level language has to be converted to machine language for the computer to understand.

Higher level languages are problem-oriented languages because the instructions are suitable for solving a particular problem. For example COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) is mostly suitable for business oriented language where there is very little processing and huge output. There are mathematical oriented languages like FORTRAN (Formula Translation) and BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) where very large processing is required.

Thus a problem oriented language designed in such a way that its instruction may be written more like the language of the problem. For example, businessmen use business term and scientists use scientific terms in their respective languages.

Advantages of High Level Languages

Higher level languages have a major advantage over machine and assembly languages that higher level languages are easy to learn and use. It is because that they are similar to the languages used by us in our day to day life.

Alectryomachy	Cock-fighting
Duomachy	a duel or fight between two people.
Hieromachy	fight or quarrel between priests. A war, or battle, between members of church clergy.
Monomachy	A duel; single combat
Pygmachy	Boxing or fighting with clubs.
Pyromachy	Fighting with fire or the use of fire in combat.
Symmachy	Fighting jointly against a common enemy.
Tauromachy	the art or act of bullfighting.

India to host 2016 World T20 and 2023 World Cup.

The inaugural edition of the Test Championship will be hosted by England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) June-July 2017. India also got the chance to host the second edition of ICC World Test Championship scheduled in February-March 2021. 

Afghanistan was granted the Associate membership of the ICC.

Kerala Chief Minister Oommen Chandy received the UN Public Service Award.

Union Govt banned Anti-Diabetes drug Pioglitazone and Painkiller Analgin.

Kevin Rudd was sworn in as Australia’s new prime minister ousting Julia Gillard.

Manmohan Singh and Sonia Gandhi flagged off first train which connects Banihal in Jammu with Qazigund in Kashmir.

39th G8 Summit was held at Lough Erne in Northern Ireland from 17 May - 18 June 2013.

India clinched the ICC Champions Trophy 2013 against England at Edgbaston in Birmingham with a five-run victory.

Nik Wallenda Became First Man to Successfully Walk Across Grand Canyon on Tightrope.

The largest as well as the brightest moon of the year 2013, called the Supermoon was observed on 23 June 2013 as it passed the closest point to Earth.

Japan's Mount Fuji was given World Heritage Status by the UNESCO.

The jury of IDG selected UIDAI for 21st Century Achievement Award 2013 under the category Economic Development.

President dedicated ONGC Tripura Power Plant to the Nation.

Manjeet Singh bagged Silver Medal at 3rd China Open Boxing Tournament.

UNESCO declared Six Forts of Rajasthan as World Heritage Sites.

James Comey nominated as next FBI director by Barack Obama.

Union External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid visited Iraq.

Researchers developed an Eco-friendly Battery using Wood, Tin and Sodium.

First-Ever Chinese Film Festival Inaugurated in New Delhi.

Kochi to Host 29th Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum (India Chapter).

Huma Chatterjee the National Cycling Coach of India died after an accident on Nalgadha village on Noida Expressway.

IAF launched Operation Rahat to rescue Pilgrims in Uttarakhand and HP.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), in its June mid-quarter monetary policy on 17 June 2013, left its key policy, repo rate unchanged at 7.25 percent in line. Cash reserve ratio (CRR), remained at 4 percent.

China Developed the Fastest Computer of the World Called Tianhe-2.

Indian-Origin Amol Rajan Became First Non-White Editor of UK national paper the Independent.

Eight new Ministers Inducted into Union Council of Ministers.

New Cabinet Ministers and their departments

• Oscar Fernandes    -    Road Transport and Highways Ministry

• Sisram Ola        -    Labour and Employment Ministry

• Girija Vyas         -    Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation

• Dr K S Rao        -    Textiles Ministry

New State Ministers and their departments

• Manikrao Gavit    -     Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment

• Santosh Chowdhury    -    Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare

• Jesudasu Seelam     -    Minister of State for Finance and 

• E M S Natchiappan     -    Minister of State for Commerce and Industry

India topped in Medal Tally in Junior Asian Wrestling Championship.

India won Silver in Archery World Cup in Turkey.

Kanji Ram became only the second Hindu to be part of the Pakistan’s Punjab assembly after Seth Bharta Ram.

Norway Became First NATO and European Country to Draft Women in Military Service.

SK Roy Appointed as the New Chairman of Life Insurance Corporation.

World Population Prospects Report projected India to be most Populous Country by 2028.

Panja Sahib in Pakistan is to be declared a Holy City by Government of Pakistan. Panja Sahib is a house of stone with hand print of Guru Nanak.

Dubai in the first week of June 2013 inaugurated the tallest twisted tower of the world called Cayan Tower at the cost of 272 million US dollar. Earlier it was called the Infinity Tower. It was inaugurated in Dubai Marina.

Sneha Singh is the first Indian-American girl from Avon School to get admission in United States Military Academy at West Point.

The telegraph offices under BSNL have been directed to stop booking telegrams from 15 July 2013 onwards. If this order comes to effect, the more than 160 years old telegraph services will come to an end on 15 July 2013.

Scientists have named the newly discovered layer in the cornea as Dua’s Layer after the name
of an Indian researcher Harmider Dua.

Asian Athletic Championship 2013 to be held in Pune

National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT),  on 11 June 2013 announced that the Early Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) installed at Rangachang in Andaman and Nicobar Islands can predict a tsunami immediately after an earthquake. The new technology installed can predict the Tsunami within 3 minutes after the initial tremors are felt and can send alerts. 

Indo-Russian INDRA 2013 military exercise is scheduled to take place in October 2013 at Mahajan field firing range of Rajasthan in India.

Indian Railways to start Mobile Payment Ticketing Facility

Apple unveiled New Software called iOS7

The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) has specified a value for the cost inflation index for 2013-14. 

In year 2012-13 the index was 852, and this year it is 939 which signify that there has been a 10.2 per cent rise in the cost inflation index for 2013-14. 

Sebastian Vettel won the Canadian Grand Prix at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in Montreal. With this win team, the Red Bull’s won its maiden Canadian Grand Prix. 

Qatar has the highest density of millionaires in the world according to a report

Ministry of Rural Development launched a new skill development scheme  to offer employment to tribal youth in 24 Naxal affected districts.

India's talented youngster Srikanth K. clinched the Thailand Open Grand Prix Gold Badminton trophy. 

Rafael Nadal won Men's Singles Title of the French Open 2013. Serena Willimas won Women's Singles Title of French Open 2013. Bob and Mike Bryan won Doubles Title at French Open 2013.

Japan successfully tested the L0 Series Maglev Bullet Train.

Odisha reopened White Tiger Safari at Nandankanan.

Raghav Joneja, became the Youngest Indian to climb Everest at the age of 15 Years.

Rami Hamdallah Appointed as the New Prime Minister of Palestine.

Bayern Munich won German Cup 2013 after defeating Stuttgart.

India’s first all-women police station became operational in Itanagar, capital of Arunachal Pradesh.


Amazon.com, entered into Indian e-commerce market with the launch of its marketplace Amazon.in.